Researchers at the IOE Laboratory for University Development have been commissioned by UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring (GEM) unit to take part in drafting one of GEM’s latest massive studies, the 2017/18 Report on Accountability in Education. For purposes of this report, IOE's leading experts Dmitry Semyonov, Daria Platonova, Natalia Isaeva and Anna Kobtseva have prepared two background research papers taking national and international perspectives on various facets of university and student accountability.